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José Figueres Ferrer - Wikipedia"José Figueres" redirects here. For the president of Costa Rica from 1. José María Figueres. José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer (2. September 1. 90. 6 – 8 June 1. President of Costa Rica on three occasions: 1.
During his first term in office he abolished the country's army, nationalized its banking sector, and granted women and blacks the right to vote. He was a good friend of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín, praising his political achievements in one of his essays. Early life[edit]Figueres was born on 2.
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September 1. 90. 6 in San Ramón in Alajuela province. The locations are significant, according to his best biographer, because his parents came from a world of wide ambition that most Costa Ricans envied, and he was born in a nation that put a high value on his impeccable Spanish background. Figueres was the eldest of the four children of a Catalan doctor and his wife, a teacher, who had recently immigrated from Catalonia to San Ramón in west- central Costa Rica. Figueres first language was Catalan, as he talked to his parents in this language. Early business career[edit]After four years of work and study in the United States, Figueres returned to the country in 1. Tarrazú. He named the farm, with a certain degree of foresight, La Lucha sin Fin (the struggle without an end). Figueres became a successful coffee grower and rope manufacturer, employing more than 1,0.
Describing himself as a "farmer- socialist", he built housing and provided medical care and recreation for his workers and established a community vegetable farm and a dairy with free milk for workers' children. His sharecroppers could either sell hemp grown on his plantation to him at market price for use in his rope factory, or sell it elsewhere if they were offered a better price.
Political career[edit]Return to Costa Rica, the Caribbean Legion, and the Costa Rica Civil War (1. When Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1. Mexico, he established the Democratic Party, which a year later transformed into the Social Democratic Party. The party was intended to be a counterweight to the ruling National Republican Party (PRN), led by former President Calderón and his successor Teodoro Picado. The highly controversial Calderón had angered Costa Rican elites, enacting a large social security retirement program and implementing national healthcare. Calderón was accused of corruption by the elites, providing a rallying cry for Figueres and the Social Democratic Party. Figueres began training the Caribbean Legion, an irregular force of 7.
Figueres launched a revolution along with other landowners and student agitators, hoping to overthrow the Costa Rican government. With plans of using Costa Rica as a base, the Legion planned next to remove the three Central American dictators. Washington officials closely watched the Legion's activities, especially after Figueres carried out a series of terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1. Former President Calderón supporters prevented and invalidated the 1 March 1. Otilio Ulate had allegedly defeated Calderón in his second term bid with fraud.
In March–April 1. Figueres defeated Communist- led guerrillas and the Costa Rican Army, which had joined forces with President Picado. With more than 2,0. Costa Rican history. After the civil war Figueres became President at the head of a provisional junta known as the "Junta Fundadora" (Founding Council) that held power for 1. During that time he took several actions: abolishing the army (as a precaution against the militarism that has perennially thwarted or undercut democracy in Central America)4. Figueres said he was inspired to disarm Costa Rica by H.
G. Wells "Outline of History", which he read in 1. MIT. "The future of mankind cannot include armed forces. Police, yes, because people are imperfect.", he declared.
Ever since, Costa Rica has had no army and has maintained a 7,5. Communist Party. 3,directed the writing of a new constitution. In a short time, we decreed 8.
Cuba", Figueres said in a 1. Once Figueres gained control, the legislation he passed regarding social reform for his Second Republic of Costa Rica was not that much different from Calderón's proposals.
In fact, it is believed by some historians (such as David La. Ware) that Figueres' social reforms were more or less the same as Calderón's Labor Code of 1. Figueres had gained the power with which to enact the laws upon the whole country with the complete support of virtually all the country. Both of these leaders' programs were in many cases exactly like the ones Franklin D.
Roosevelt passed during the Great Depression that helped lift the US out of its own economic slump and social decline it had faced in the 1. Figueres admired what president Franklin D. Roosevelt did, however he noted that "the price he had to pay to get his programs through was to leave the business community free overseas to set up dictatorships and do whatever they liked.. What we need now is an international New Deal, to change the relations between North and South."6. Figueres stepped down after 1.
Otilio Ulate, and ever since Costa Ricans have settled their arguments constitutionally. Your hands are not clean to fight communism when you don't fight dictatorships", Figueres told American interviewers in 1. It seems that the United States is not interested in honest government down here, as long as a government is not communist and pays lip service to democracy."6. In 1. 95. 3, Figueres created the Partido Liberación Nacional (PLN), the most successful party in Costa Rican political history, and was returned to power in the 1. He has been considered to be the most important political figure in Costa Rica's history.
During his various terms in office he nationalized the banking system and contributed to the construction of the Panamerican Highway that goes across Central America. He promoted the private industry sector and stimulated the national industry sector. He succeeded in energizing the country's middle class creating a strong buffer between the upper and lower classes. What most alarmed U. S. officials was Figueres's material and moral support for the Caribbean Legion, even though Figueres had obviously lost interest in the Legion after he gained power.
But Figueres still criticized U. S. support for the dictators, going so far as to boycott the 1.
American meeting because it was held in Caracas, where President Marcos Pérez of Venezuela held sway. Figueres happily cooperated with North American military plans.
After the United States established the School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone to train Latin American officers in Anti- Communist techniques, more Costa Rican "police" graduated from the School between 1. Nicaragua. 8. The Republic of China awarded him the "Shining Star" in 1. In 1. 95. 7, an assassination plot by dictator Rafael Trujillo (Dominican Republic) was uncovered. Border war with Somoza's Nicaragua (1. Figueres's support for the Caribbean Legion nearly cost him his job during this second presidency. Implicated in an invasion of Nicaragua in April 1.
Somoza exiles linked to the Caribbean Legion, Anastasio Somoza García launched a counter- attack, allowing the exiled former Costa Rica president Rafael Calderón to invade Costa Rica in January 1. Figueres had played a dangerous game, but he had also abolished the Costa Rican army, which forced him to appeal to the Organization of American States to protect his country from Somoza's aggression. The OAS, with the concurrence of the U. S. representative, ordered a cease- fire and sent a delegation to Costa Rica for an on- site investigation. At that point, Somoza realized that he had to act quickly. He called in his IOU from the CIA.
He had permitted the CIA to use Las Mercedes Airport, outside Managua, as a base for its P- 4. Guatemalan intervention. Now he wanted the planes that were parked there to help him in his feud with Figueres.
On 1. 5 January, three days after the OAS action, a P- 4.
Priceless NASA Artifact Sold Against NASA's Wishes. Apollo 1. 1 landed on the Moon, an unsurpassed milestone in the history of human exploration. To celebrate, luxury auction house Sotheby’s is launching a mission of its own: to sell the shit out of some priceless artifacts from the American and Soviet space programs, including one that, uh, NASA didn’t really want to see sold. The array of relics range from an original illustration of “The Exploration of Mars” (which sold for $1. Sotheby’s told Gizmodo) to a moon- dusted bag used by astronaut Neil Armstrong for lunar return samples during Apollo 1. According to the auction house’s website, the bag—which was one of the most- hyped pieces for obvious reasons—sold for just over $1. That’s actually a bargain considering it was expected to sell for anywhere between $2 to 4 million.
Consequently, the bag did not top Sotheby’s all- time highest sale price for a space artifact, which was achieved by the Soviet Vostok 3. KA- 2 capsule when it sold for $2,8.
It’s unclear how Sotheby’s was able to obtain all of the objects on sale today, and while the auction house has released the amounts each item sold for, it did not disclose any of the buyers. What we do know is that the sale of that high- ticket collection bag was highly controversial. The bag has been the center of a court case between NASA and a Chicago- area woman, who purchased the bag online in 2. According to the Washington Post, after the buyer, Nancy Carlson, sent the bag to NASA for testing, the agency told her it “belongs to the American people.”Ultimately, a district judge in Wichita, Kansas ruled that NASA couldn’t keep the bag, despite being sympathetic to the space agency’s argument that it probably shouldn’t have gone on sale in the first place. There’s always a chance the mystery buyer this time will put the bag in public collections.
Or, just maybe, we’re being too cynical, and the mystery buyer is a museum. It’d be a shame to lose these incredible artifacts, especially on the lunaversary.